Ukulawulwa kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kuma-drone kuye kwaqina eminyakeni yamuva nje. Izinkampani eziningi ziye zajeziswa ngoba aziqondanga kahle izinqubomgomo. Ingabe udinga ilayisensi yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe esetshenziswa kabili yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwama-drone? Lesi sihloko sichaza imingcele yokulawula futhi sinikeza inqubo yokuzihlola isinyathelo ngesinyathelo.
I. Ingabe udinga ilayisensi? Impendulo: kuncike kumapharamitha, hhayi ekusetshenzisweni
Izinkampani eziningi zikholelwa ngephutha ukuthi ama-drone abathengi noma ezolimo “angabantu abavamile” ngakho-ke awadingi ilayisensi. Lokhu kuwumbono ongalungile omkhulu.
Ngaphansi koMthetho Wokulawula Ukuthunyelwa Kwempahla Ngaphandle, Imithethonqubo Yokulawulwa Kokuthunyelwa Kwezinto Ezisetshenziswa Kabili, kanye neKhathalogi Yokulawula Izinto Ezisetshenziswa Kabili ka-2026 eyanyatheliswa yiSimemezelo No. 91 sika-2025 soMnyango Wezohwebo kanye Nokuphathwa Okujwayelekile Kwezentela, ukulawulwa kokuthunyelwa kwempahla ngaphandle kwamadrone kusekelwe kuimininingwane yobuchwepheshe– hhayi ekusetshenzisweni okuhlosiwe. Izithombe zezolimo, zasemoyeni, noma ama-drone asetshenziswa ngabathengi kumele athole ilayisensi uma imingcele yawo ihlangabezana nemingcele yokulawula.
I-China isebenzisa uhlelo lokulawula oluphindwe kabili:
- 1. Ama-drone asetshenziswa empini(isib. ukuhlola, ukuhlasela) → kudinga iLayisensi Yokuthumela Ngaphandle Yezempi;
- 2. Ama-drone omphakathi(kanye nemithwalo yabo esekelayo kanye nezingxenye) ezihlangabezana nemingcele yobuchwepheshe → zidinga iLayisensi Yokuthumela Izinto Nobuchwepheshe Okusetshenziswa Kabili.
II. Yini ehlanganisiwe? Izigaba eziyisithupha zihlolwe ngasinye ngasinye
Ngokusho koHlu Lokulawula Ukuthunyelwa Kwezimpahla Ezisetshenziswa Kabili lweRiphabhulikhi Yabantu baseShayina kanye neKhathalogi Yokuphathwa Kwamalayisense Okungenisa Nokuthumela Izinto Ezisetshenziswa Kabili kanye Nobuchwepheshe (Uhlelo Lwango-2026), ububanzi bokulawula ama-drone nezinto ezihlobene buhlanganisa izigaba eziyisithupha ezinkulu, ngasinye sinemingcele yobuchwepheshe ecacile.
(1) Ama-drone aphelele
Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-drone kuhlanganiswe yiamakhodi amabili okulawula ayinhloko – 9A012 kanye no-9A501Kuhlu Lokulawula Ukuthunyelwa Kwamanye Amazwe Okusetshenziswa Kabili. Imoto yasemoyeni engenamuntu (kufaka phakathi izindiza zasemoyeni ezingenamuntu) iyawa ngaphansi kolawulo uma ihlangabezananoma yimuphikwemingcele yobuchwepheshe elandelayo:
| Isimo sepharamitha | Izinga eliqondile |
|---|---|
| Isimo sokukhuthazela 1 | Ukukhuthazela okuphezulu phakathi kwemizuzu engama-30 (kufaka phakathi) kanye nehora eli-1, futhi kukwazi ukusuka endaweni eqinile futhi kulawuleke endizeni ngaphansi kwemimoya enamandla engama-46.3 km/h (amafindo angama-25) noma ngaphezulu |
| Isimo sokukhuthazela 2 | Ukuqina okuphezulu okulingana noma okungaphezu kwehora eli-1 |
| Ibanga | Ibanga lilingana noma likhulu kune-300 km (elihambisana nekhodi yokulawula 9A501) |
| Uhlelo lokusabalalisa | Ifakwe, noma yakhelwe ukufakelwa, uhlelo lokusabalalisa i-aerosol lwamalitha angama-20 noma ngaphezulu, futhi olukwazi ukundiza ngokuzimela noma ukulawula i-BVR (ngaphandle kokubona). |
| Injini | Ifakwe injini yezindiza ezinikele enamandla amakhulu aqhubekayo adlula i-16 kW |
Inothi lokukhululwa: Izindiza eziyimodeli ezenzelwe ukuzijabulisa noma ukuncintisana kuphela azikho ngaphansi kokulawulwa okugcwele kwe-9A501. Kodwa-ke, uma amamodeli anjalo eguqulwa ukuze ahlangabezane nanoma yimiphi imingcele engenhla, azodinga ilayisensi.
(2) Imithwalo yokukhokha enikezelwe
Imithwalo ekhokhelwayo esebenza kahle kakhulu eyenzelwe ngokukhethekile ama-UAV alawulwayo ibhalwe ngokwehlukana kukhathalogi yokulawula ngoba ingathuthukisa ngqo ukuhlola kwezempi, ukuthola okuqondiwe, noma amakhono okushaya ngokunemba.Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zithunyelwe ngokwahlukana noma kanye ne-drone ephelele, azikwazi ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwelayisensi.
Izinhlobo ezine ezilawulwayo eziyinhloko yilezi:
- Imishini yokuthwebula izithombe ze-infrared: ubude besikhathi obusebenzayo obuphakathi kuka-780 nm no-30,000 nm, kanye nensimu yokubuka esheshayo (i-IFOV) engaphansi kwama-milliradian angu-2.5;
- I-radar yokuvula okwenziwe (i-SAR): ibanga lokusebenza elingaphezu kwamakhilomitha ama-5, kanye nesinqumo semodi ye-strip esingcono kune-0.3 m, noma isinqumo semodi ye-spotlight esingcono kune-0.1 m;
- Ama-laser okuklama ithagethi: ikwazi ukusebenza kahle emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-55 °C, uhlobo olungalawulwa ukushisa, olunamandla okushaya okukodwa >80 mJ, ukuzinza okungcono kuno-15%, kanye nokuhlukana kwemisebe <0.3 milliradians;
- Imishini yokulinganisa i-inertial enembile kakhulu: ukunemba kwesihloko <2 degrees, ukunemba kwesimo sengqondo <0.5 degrees, kanye nesinqumo <0.1 degree.
(3) Izingxenye eziyinhloko
Izingxenye eziyinhloko ezingasetshenziswa ngqo ukuguqula noma ukuhlanganisa ama-UAV alawulwayo, noma ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwawo okubalulekile, zifakiwe ohlwini lokulawula luka-2026.Uhlelo lwango-2026 lusanda kufaka "imishini nezingxenye eziklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukuguqula izindiza ezinabagibeli zibe ama-UAV alawulwayo" kububanzi bokulawula.
Izingxenye eziyinhloko ezilawulwa njalo zifaka:
- Izinjini zezindiza ezinikezelwe ezinamandla aphezulu aqhubekayo adlula i-16 kW;
- Ama-autopilot okulawula indiza ngokunemba okuphezulu;
- Ama-Gyroscope nezingxenye ezihlobene.
(4) Imishini ye-Counter-UAV
Izinhlelo ze-anti-UAV zomphakathi zifakiwe emkhakheni wokumemezela ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezinto ezihlobene ne-UAV. Abathumeli kumele bahambisane nezidingo zokumemezela zeSimemezelo No. 78 sika-2026 yi-General Administration of Customs. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi iSimemezelo No. 78 ngokuyinhlokoibeka imigomo efanayo yezinqubo zokumemezela ukuthumela kwamanye amazwe(njengokugcwalisa "ikhodi yokuhlonza izimpahla ezivinjelwe/ezilawulwayo" kanye "nezinto zokumemezela izimpahla ezivinjelwe/ezilawulwayo") - akulona ngokwalo isimo sokulawula. Ukuthi idivayisi ephikisana ne-UAV iyinto elawulwayo kufanele kunqunywe ngokwemingcele ethile yobuchwepheshe ohlwini lokulawula ukuthunyelwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswa kabili.
(5) Izilawuli zesimo ezikhethekile
Ngisho noma i-drone ingafakwanga ohlwini lwekhathalogi yokulawula, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe akuvunyelwe uma umthumeli ngaphandleuyazi noma kufanele aziukuthi izimpahla zizosetshenziselwa ukwanda kwezikhali zokubhubhisa ngobuningi, imisebenzi yobuphekula, noma izinjongo zempi.
(6) Izilawuli eziqondene nezwe
Isimemezelo No. 46 sika-2024 esivela kuMnyango Wezohwebo sisho ngokusobala ukuthi:akuvunyelwe ukuthunyelwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswa kabili kubasebenzisi bezempi base-US noma ukusetshenziswa kwezempi zase-US.Ngokuyisisekelo, ukuthunyelwa kwe-gallium, i-germanium, i-antimony, kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswa kabili ezihlobene nezinto eziqinile e-US akuvunyelwe; ezintweni ezisetshenziswa kabili ze-graphite, kusebenza ukubuyekezwa okuqinile kwabasebenzisi bokugcina kanye nokusetshenziswa kokugcina.
III. Ukuzihlola ngezinyathelo ezinhlanu (Khumbula: ilayisensi kuqala, ukuthunyelwa kamuva)
Isinyathelo 1: Hlola umkhiqizo wakho uqhathanise nohlu lokulawula
Okokuqala, qhathanisa amapharamitha obuchwepheshe bomkhiqizo wakho ngokuqhathanisa nohlu Lokulawula Ukuthunyelwa Kwempahla Ezisetshenziswa Kabili lweRiphabhulikhi Yabantu baseShayina kanye neKhathalogi Yokuphathwa Kwamalayisense Okungenisa Nokuthumela Izinto Ezisetshenziswa Kabili kanye Nobuchwepheshe (Uhlelo luka-2026).
Izindawo zokuhlola ezibalulekile: ukukhuthazela, ukumelana nomoya, ububanzi bokulawula, ukuthi imithwalo ekhethekile ithwalwa yini, ububanzi, njll.Amakhodi e-HS awenzelwe ukubhekisela emasikweni kuphela futhi awawona anqumayo- isidingo selayisensi siyanqunywangamapharamitha obuchwepheshe angempelayomkhiqizo.
Inothi elikhethekile:Amakhodi e-HS ahlukaniswa ngesisindo esiphezulu sokusuka, kuyilapho amakhodi okulawula ukuthumela kwamanye amazwe esebenzisa izindlela zobuchwepheshe ezihluke ngokuphelele. Ama-drone amabili anesisindo esifanayo sokusuka angase awele ngaphansi kwamakhodi okulawula ahlukene ngenxa yokwehluka kokukhuthazela; ngokuphambene nalokho, ama-drone amabili anesisindo sokusuka esihlukile kakhulu angase awele ngaphansi kwekhodi yokulawula efanayo.
Isinyathelo 2: Hlola umsebenzisi wokugcina kanye nokusetshenziswa kokugcina
Ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi umkhiqizo uyalawulwa yini, izinkampani akumelwe zithembele kuphela ohlwini lokulawula kanye nekhathalogi - kumele futhi zenzeukubuyekezwa okuphelele komsebenzisi wokugcina kanye nokusetshenziswa kokugcinaEzinye izinto ezingahlangabezani nemingcele yobuchwepheshe ebalwe zingase zilawulwe ngokusekelwe ezimweni ezithile zokusetshenziswa kokugcina noma zomsebenzisi wokugcina.
Isinyathelo 3: Uma ungaqiniseki, bonisana ngokushesha
Uma ungakwazi ukunquma ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwakho okuhlosiwe kuyinto elawulwayo yini, ungathumela isicelo sokubonisana ngesigaba esithi “Izinto Ezisetshenziswa Kabili kanye Nokuvunyelwa Kokungenisa/Ukuthumela Ubuchwepheshe” ku-portal yesevisi kahulumeni eku-inthanethi yoMnyango Wezohwebo. Uma ucela ukubonisana, kufanele unikeze imininingwane yokusebenza, ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko, kanye nezizathu zokuthi kungani ungakwazi ukunquma isimo esilawulwayo.
Isinyathelo 4: Uma kulawulwa, faka isicelo selayisensi
Uma into isiqinisekisiwe ukuthi iyalawulwa, umthumeli ngaphandle kumele afake isicelo kuMnyango Wezohwebo ngokusebenzisa igunya lezentengiselwano lesifundazwe, agcwalise ifomu lesicelo sezinto ezisetshenziswa kabili kanye nokuthunyelwa kwezobuchwepheshe, bese ehambisa imibhalo edingekayo.Ilayisensi iyadingeka ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa, ukudluliselwa, noma ukulethwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswa kabili kwamanye amazwe.
Inothi eliwusizo:Uma i-oda elilodwa lihlanganisa amamodeli amaningi awela ngaphansi kwamakhodi okulawula ahlukene (isb., i-drone yezimboni ngaphansi kwe-9A012 kanye ne-drone yezolimo ngaphansi kwe-9A501), kufanele ufake isicelo samalayisense ahlukene ekhodi ngayinye yokulawula - awakwazi ukuhlanganiswa. Uma i-drone iphethe umthwalo olawulwayo osuswayo, i-drone kanye nomthwalo okhokhelwayo kumele futhi kunikezwe ilayisense ngokwehlukana.
Isinyathelo 5: Memezela iqiniso emasikweni
Ngokusho kweSimemezelo No. 78 sika-2026 yi-General Administration of Customs (esiqale ukusebenza kusukela ngomhlaka-30 Juni 2026), abathumeli ngaphandle kumele baveze iqiniso kumasiko. Ezintweni ezilawulwayo, ikholomu ethi “Ama-Remarks” yesimemezelo samasiko kumele ithi “Lena yinto elawulwayo yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe” bese ibhala ikhodi yokulawula ukuthumela kwamanye amazwe ehambisanayo. Ezintweni ezingalawulwayo kodwa ezinezici eziseduze nemingcele, ikholomu ethi “Ama-Remarks” kufanele ithi “Lena akuyona into elawulwayo yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe.”
Abathumeli bezimpahla kwamanye amazwe kumele futhi balandele imiyalelo ohlelweni lwe-“Single Window” ukuze bagcwalise “ikhodi yokuhlonza izimpahla ezivinjelwe/ezilawulwayo” kanye “nezinto zokumemezela izimpahla ezivinjelwe/ezilawulwayo” ngezinkomba zobuchwepheshe ezithile.
IV. Imiphumela imbi kangakanani? Ungathathi amathuba
Ukuphoqelelwa yiziphathimandla zentela nezentengiselwano ezintweni ezisetshenziswa kabili kuye kwanda. Amacala okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okusetshenziswa kabili ngokungemthetho ayanda ngokushesha, futhi phakathi kwawo, amacala ahilela ama-drone nezingxenye zawo ande kakhulu.
Izijeziso zokuphatha: Ukuthumela izinto ezilawulwayo ngaphandle kwelayisensi kungaphansi kwezinhlawulo ngaphansi kwe-Athikili 34 yoMthetho Wokulawula Ukuthunyelwa Kwempahla. Empeleni, kube nezimo lapho izinkampani zisebenzisa khona i-e-commerce ewela imingcele (isb., imodi ye-9610) ukuthumela izinto ezilawulwayo ngaphandle futhi zajeziswa ngisho nalapho ukuthengiselana okungekho emthethweni kwakucishe kube yi-RMB 20,000 kuphela.
Isibopho sobugebengu: Uma umthumeli ngaphandle ethumela ngamabomu ama-drone alawulwayo ngaphandle kwelayisensi futhi inani lidlula i-RMB 200,000, kungaba yicala lokushushumbisa izimpahla ezivinjelwe ukungenisa/ukuthumela kwamanye amazwe, okujeziswa ngokuboshwa noma ukuboshwa iminyaka emihlanu, inhlawulo noma ngaphandle kwayo; uma inani lidlula i-RMB 1 million noma uma kunezinye izimo ezimbi, inhlawulo ingaba iminyaka emihlanu noma ngaphezulu ejele, kanye nenhlawulo.
Okubalulekile: Ukunikeza inkampani yokuthutha impahla noma inkampani yochungechunge lokuhlinzeka ngempahla igunya lokusingatha ukuvunyelwa kwempahla akusho ukuthi inkampani ethumela impahla kwamanye amazwe ayikhululi emithwalweni yayo yokuthobela imithetho. Umthumeli impahla kwamanye amazwe kumele azise ngokucacile i-ejenti ngesimo esilawulwayo, abukeze okuqukethwe kwesimemezelo, futhi angalokothi abe nesimo sengqondo sokuthi “vumela nje umthumeli aphathe”.
V. Isifinyezo sokuthobela imithetho yamabhizinisi
1. Thola isimo sokulawula ngaphambi kokwamukela i-oda– ungathembeli kokuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini; hlola hhayi i-9A012 kuphela kodwa ne-9A501.
2. Sungula inqubo yokujikeleza okuvaliwe“ukuqinisekiswa kwepharamitha → ukubuyekezwa komsebenzisi wokugcina → ukuvunyelwa kokuthobela imithetho”.
3. Uma imingcele ingabaza,thintana noMnyango Wezohwebo ngokuqhubekayo– ungalokothi uthuthele ngaphandle kolwazi.
4. Ungalokothi ugweme izilawulingokuhlukanisa ukuthunyelwa noma ukudalula amagama emikhiqizo ngendlela engalungile.
5. Ngobaama-oda ayinkimbinkimbi ahilela amamodeli amaningi noma ama-drone aphelele anemithwalo ekhokhelwayo, hlela isu lakho lokuhlukanisa ilayisensi kusenesikhathi.
Ukuthobela imithetho akuyona umthwalo- kuyisivikelo sokukhula kwebhizinisi isikhathi eside. Emongweni wokulawulwa kokusetshenziswa okubili okuqinile emhlabeni wonke, ukwakha uhlelo oluqinile lokuthobela imithetho yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe kuyindlela eyisisekelo yokuthi abathumeli bama-drone bathole impumelelo esimeme.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-15-2026